Boot Process Stages

Boot Process Stages:

Below are the different Stages involved in Linux Boot Process:

1. BIOS
       - MBR
        - GRUB
2. Boot Loader
3. Kernel
4. Init
5. Runlevel scripts

BIOS

BIOS is the  first core program what loads when the server is powered on. When server gets powered on then CPU looks out into ROM for further instruction.

• The ROM contains JUMP function in the form of instruction which tells the CPU to bring up the BIOS
• BIOS determines all the list of bootable devices available in the system.
• Prompts to select bootable device which can be Hard Disk, CD/DVD-ROM, Floppy Drive, USB Flash Memory Stick etc (optional)
• Operating System tries to boot from Hard Disk where the MBR contains primary boot loader.

Boot Loader 

At this stage Boot Loader will be loaded  (MBR and GRUB/LILO) into memory to bring up the kernel.

MBR (Master Boot Record)

MBR is the first sector of the Hard Disk with a size of 512 bytes.

The first 434 - 446 bytes are the primary boot loader, 64 bytes for partition table and 6 bytes for MBR validation timestamp.

MBR directly cannot load the kernel as it is unaware of the filesystem concept and requires a boot loader with file system driver for each supported file systems, so that they can be understood and accessed by the boot loader itself.

To overcome this situation GRUB is used with the details of the filesystem in /boot/grub.conf and file system drivers

GRUB (GRand Unified Boot loader)

GRUB  loads the kernel in 3 stages

GRUB Stage 1: 

The primary boot loader takes up less than 512 bytes of disk space in the MBR - too small a space to contain the instructions necessary to load a complex operating system.

Instead the primary boot loader performs the function of loading either the stage 1.5 or stage 2 boot loader.

GRUB Stage 1.5: 

• Stage 1 can load the stage 2 directly, but it is normally set up to load the stage 1.5.
• This can happen when the /boot partition is situated beyond the 1024 cylinder head of the hard drive.
• GRUB Stage 1.5 is located in the first 30 KB of Hard Disk immediately after MBR and before the first partition.
• This space is utilized to store file system drivers and modules.
• This enabled stage 1.5 to load stage 2 to load from any known location on the file system i.e. /boot/grub

GRUB Stage 2:

Stage 2 is responsible for loading kernel from /boot/grub/grub.conf and any other modules needed

Loads a GUI interface i.e. splash image located at /grub/splash.xpm.gz with list of available kernels where you can manually select the kernel or else after the default timeout value the selected kernel will boot

The original file is /etc/grub.conf of which you can observe a symlink file at /boot/grub/grub.conf

Sample /boot/grub/grub.conf

default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (2.6.18-194.26.1.el5)
        root (hd0,0)
        kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.26.1.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/root clocksource=acpi_pm divisor=10
        initrd /initrd-2.6.18-194.26.1.el5.img
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (2.6.18-194.11.4.el5)
        root (hd0,0)
        kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.11.4.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/root clocksource=acpi_pm divisor=10
        initrd /initrd-2.6.18-194.11.4.el5.img
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (2.6.18-194.11.3.el5)
        root (hd0,0)
        kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.11.3.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/root clocksource=acpi_pm divisor=10
        initrd /initrd-2.6.18-194.11.3.el5.img

Kernel

Kernel is  the heart of operating system responsible for handling all system processes.

Kernel is loaded in the following stages:

• Kernel as soon as it is loaded configures hardware and memory allocated to the system.
• Next it uncompresses the initrd image (compressed using zlib into  zImage or bzImage formats) and mounts it and loads all the necessary drivers.
• Loading and unloading of kernel modules is done with the help of programs like insmod, and rmmod present in the initrd image.
• Looks out for hard disk types be it a LVM or RAID.
• Unmounts initrd image and frees up all the memory occupied by the disk image.
• Then kernel mounts the root partition as specified in grub.conf as read-only.
• Next it runs the init process

Init Process

Executes the system to boot into the run level as specified in /etc/inittab

Sample output defining the default boot runlevel inside /etc/inittab

# Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are:
#   0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#   1 - Single user mode
#   2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
#   3 - Full multiuser mode
#   4 - unused
#   5 - X11
#   6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#
id:5:initdefault:

As per above O/P system will boot into runlevel 5

You can check current runlevel details of your system using below command on the terminal

# who -r
  run-level 3  Jan 28 23:29  last=S

Next as per the fstab entry file system's integrity is checked and root partition is re-mounted as read-write (earlier it was mounted as read-only).

Runlevel Scripts

Runlevel Scripts are defined inside /etc/rc.d/rcx.d

0 /etc/rc.d/rc0.d

1 /etc/rc.d/rc1.d

2 /etc/rc.d/rc2.d

3 /etc/rc.d/rc3.d

4 /etc/rc.d/rc4.d

5 /etc/rc.d/rc5.d

6 /etc/rc.d/rc6.d

Based on the selected runlevel, the init process then executes startup scripts located in subdirectories of the /etc/rc.d directory.

Lastly, init runs whatever it finds in /etc/rc.d/rc.local (regardless of run level). rc.local is rather special in that it is executed every time that you change run levels.

Next if everything goes fine you should be able to see the Login Screen on your system.